This book is a complete revision of the earlier work Probability which appeared in 1970. While revised so radically and incorporating so much new material as to amount to a new text， it preserves both the aim and the approach of the original. That aim was stated as the provision of a 'first text in probability， demanding a reasonable but not extensive knowledge of mathematics， and taking the reader to what one might describe as a good intermediate level'. In doing so it attempted to break away from stereotyped applications， and consider applications of a more novel and significant character. The particular novelty of the approach was that expectation was taken as the prime concept， and the concept of expectation axiomatized rather than that of a probability measure. In the preface to the original text of 1970 （reproduced below， together with that to the Russian edition of 1982） I listed what I saw as the advantages of the approach in as unlaboured a fashion as I could. I also took the view that the text rather than the author should persuade， and left the text to speak for itself. It has， indeed， stimulated a steady interest， to the point that Springer-Verlag has now commissioned this complete reworking.本書為英文版。
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