1 Introduction 1.1 Sensors and Sensor Science 1.1.1 Sensors - Eyes and Ears of Machines 1.1.2 The Term'Sensor' 1.2 Chemical Sensors 1.2.1 Characteristics of a Chemical Sensor 1.2.2 Elements of Chemical Sensors 1.2.3 Characterisation of Chemical Sensors 1.3 References 2 Fundamentals 2.1 Sensor Physics 2.1.1 Solids 2.1.2 Optical Phenomena and Spectroscopy 2.1.3 Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectrlcity 2.2 Sensor Chemistry 2.2.1 Chemical Equilibrium 2.2.2 Kinetics and Catalysis 2.2.3 Electrolytic Solutions 2.2.4 Acids and Bases, Deposition Processes and Complex Compounds 2.2.5 Redox Equilibria 2.2.6 Electrochemistry 2.2.7 Ion Exchange, Solvent Extraction and Adsorption Equilibria . 2.2.8 Special Features of Biochemical Reactiotts 2.3 Sensor Technology 2.3.1 Thick Film Technology 2.3.2 Thin-Film Technology and Patterning Procedures 2.3.3 Surface Modification and Ordered Monolayers 2.3 A Micro systems Techttology 2.4 Measurement with Sensors 2.4.1 Primary Electronics for Sensors 2.4.2 Instruments for Electric Measurements 2.4.3 Optical Instruments 2.5 References 3 Semiconductor Structures as Chemical Sensors 3.1 References 4 Mass-Sensitive Sensors 4.1 BAW Sensors 4.2 SAW Sensors 5 Conductivity Sensors and Capacitive Sensors 5.1 Conductometric Sensors 5.2 Resistive and Capacitive Gas Sensors 5.2.1 Gas Sensors Based on Polycrystalline Semiconductors 5.2.2 Gas Sensors Made of Polymers and Gels 5.3 Resistive and Capacitive Sensors for Liquids 5.4 References 6 Thermometric and Calorimetric Sensors 6.1 Sensors with Thermistors and Pellistors 6.2 Pyroelectric Sensors 6.3 Sensors Based on Other Thermal Effects 6.4 References 7 Electrochemical Sensors 7.1 Potentiometric Sensors 7.1.1 Selectivity of Potentiometric Sensors 7.1.2 Ion-Selective Electrodes 7.1.3 The Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) 7.1.4 Measurement with Potentiometric Sensors 7.2 Amperometric Sensors 7.2.1 Selectivity of Amperometric Sensors 7.2.2 Electrode Design and Examples 7.2.3 Measurement with Amperometric Sensors 7.3 Sensors Based on Other Electrochemical Methods 7.4 Electrochemical Biosensors 7.4.1 Fundamentals 7.4.2 Classes of Electrochemical Biosensors 7.5 References 8 Optical Sensors 8.1 Optical Fibres as a Basis for Optical Sensors 8.2 Fibre Sensors Without Chemical Receptors (Mediators) 8.3 Optodes: Fibre Sensors with a Chemical Receptor 8.3.1 Overview 8.3.2 Optodes with Simple Receptor Layers 8.3.3 Optodes with Complex Receptor Layers …… 9 Chemical Sensors as Detectors and Indicators 10 Sensor Arrays and Micro Total Analysis Systems Subject Index
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