高分子化學(xué)與物理

序
Preface / 前言
Chapter 1Introduction / 引言 1
1.1 Birth of a Concept / 概念的誕生 2
1.2 Some Basic Definitions / 基本定義 3
1.3 Synthesis of Polymers / 聚合物的合成 5
1.4 Nomenclature / 命名法 5
1.5 Average Molar Masses and Distributions / 平均摩爾質(zhì)量及分布 9
1.6 Size and Shape / 大小和形狀 11
1.7 Configuration / 構(gòu)型 13
1.8 The Glass Transition Temperature Tg and the Melting
Temperature Tm / 玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度Tg及熔點(diǎn)Tm 15
1.9 Elastomers, Fibers, and Plastics / 彈性體、纖維及塑料 17
1.10 Fiber-Forming Polymers / 成纖聚合物 19
1.11 Plastics / 塑料 19
1.12 Thermosetting Polymers / 熱固性聚合物 22
1.13 Elastomers / 彈性體 22
Problems / 習(xí)題 26
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 28
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 28
Chapter 2Step-Growth Polymerization / 逐步增長(zhǎng)聚合 31
2.1 General Reactions / 一般反應(yīng) 32
2.2 Reactivity of Functional Groups / 官能團(tuán)的反應(yīng)活性 33
2.3 Carothers Equation / Carothers方程 34
2.4 Control of the Molar Mass / 摩爾質(zhì)量的控制 36
2.5 Stoichiometric Control of Mn / Mn的化學(xué)計(jì)量控制 38
2.6 Kinetics / 動(dòng)力學(xué) 40
2.7 Molar Mass Distribution in Linear Systems / 線(xiàn)性體系中的摩
爾質(zhì)量分布 41
2.8 Average Molar Masses / 平均摩爾質(zhì)量 42
2.9 Characteristics of Step-Growth Polymerization / 逐步增長(zhǎng)聚合
的表征 42
2.10 Typical Step-Growth Reactions / 典型的逐步增長(zhǎng)聚合 42
2.11 Ring Formation / 成環(huán) 43
2.12 Nonlinear Step-Growth Reactions / 非線(xiàn)性逐步增長(zhǎng)聚合 44
2.13 Statistical Derivation / 統(tǒng)計(jì)推導(dǎo) 45
2.14 Comparison with Experiment / 實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)比 46
2.15 Polyurethanes / 聚氨酯 48
2.16 Thermosetting Polymers / 熱固性聚合物 51
Problems / 習(xí)題 54
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 58
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 58
Chapter 3Free-Radical Addition Polymerization / 自由基加成
聚合 59
3.1 Addition Polymerization / 加成聚合 60
3.2 Choice of Initiators / 引發(fā)劑的選擇 60
3.3 Free-Radical Polymerization / 自由基聚合 61
3.4 Initiators / 引發(fā)劑 62
3.4.1 Initiator Efficiency / 引發(fā)劑效率. 65
3.5 Chain Growth / 鏈增長(zhǎng) 65
3.6 Termination / 終止 65
3.7 Steady-State Kinetics / 穩(wěn)態(tài)動(dòng)力學(xué) 66
3.8 High-Conversion Bulk Polymerizations / 高轉(zhuǎn)化率本體聚合 68
3.9 Chain Transfer / 鏈轉(zhuǎn)移 70
3.9.1 Consequences of Chain Transfer / 鏈轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)果 73
3.10 Inhibitors and Retarders / 阻聚劑和緩聚劑 73
3.11 Activation Energies and the Effect of Temperature / 活化能和溫
度的影響 75
3.12 Thermodynamics of Radical Polymerization / 自由基聚合物
熱力學(xué) 76
3.13 Heats of Polymerization / 聚合熱 79
3.14 Polymerization Processes / 聚合過(guò)程 79
3.15 Features of Free-Radical Polymerization / 自由基聚合的特性 82
3.16 Controlled Radical Polymerization / 可控自由基聚合 82
3.17 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerizations / 氮氧自由基介導(dǎo)的聚合 84
3.18 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) / 原子轉(zhuǎn)移自
由基聚合（ATRP） 85
3.19 Reverse ATRP / 可逆原子轉(zhuǎn)移自由基聚合 86
3.20 Degenerative Chain Transfer Reaction (DT) / 衰減鏈轉(zhuǎn)移反
應(yīng)（DT） 87
3.21 Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) /
可逆加成斷型鏈轉(zhuǎn)移（RAFT） 54
3.22 CRP of Vinyl Chloride / 氯乙烯的可控自由基聚合 90
3.23 The Kinetics of CRP Processes / 可控自由基聚合過(guò)程動(dòng)力學(xué) 90
3.24 Application to Experimental Data / 應(yīng)用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù) 93
Problems / 習(xí)題 95
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 99
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 99
Chapter 4Ionic Polymerization / 離子聚合 101
4.1 General Characteristics / 離子聚合的一般特征 102
4.2 Cationic Polymerization / 陽(yáng)離子聚合 103
4.3 Propagation by Cationic Chain Carriers / 經(jīng)由陽(yáng)離子鏈載體
的鏈增長(zhǎng) 104
4.4 Termination / 終止 105
4.5 General Kinetic Scheme / 一般動(dòng)力學(xué)方程 106
4.6 Energetics of Cationic Polymerization / 陽(yáng)離子聚合熱力學(xué) 106
4.7 Telechelic Polymers via Cationic Polymerization / 由陽(yáng)離子聚
合制備遙爪聚合物 107
4.8 Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization / 陽(yáng)離子的開(kāi)環(huán)聚合 108
4.9 Stable Carbocations / 穩(wěn)態(tài)的碳陽(yáng)離子 110
4.10 Anionic Polymerization / 陰離子聚合 111
4.11 Living Polymers / 活性聚合物 112
4.12 Kinetics and Molar Mass Distribution in Living Anionic Systems /
活性陰離子聚合動(dòng)力學(xué)及摩爾質(zhì)量分布 113
4.13 Metal Alkyl Initiators / 金屬烷基化合物引發(fā)劑 117
4.14 Solvent and Gegen Ion Effects / 溶劑和平衡離子效應(yīng) 117
4.15 Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization / 陰離子開(kāi)環(huán)聚合 117
Problems / 習(xí)題 119
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 121
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 122
Chapter 5Linear Copolymers and Other Architectures / 線(xiàn)型共
聚物及其他構(gòu)造 123
5.1 General Characteristics / 一般特性 124
5.2 Composition Drift / 組成飄移 125
5.3 The Copolymer Equation / 共聚合方程 125
5.4 Monomer Reactivity Ratios / 單體競(jìng)聚率 126
5.5 Reactivity Ratios and Copolymer Structure / 競(jìng)聚率與共聚物
的結(jié)構(gòu) 127
5.6 Monomer Reactivities and Chain Initiation / 單體反應(yīng)活性與
鏈引發(fā) 130
5.7 Influence of Structural Effects on Monomer Reactivity Ratios /
結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng)對(duì)單體競(jìng)聚率的影響 130
5.7.1 Resonance Effects / 共振效應(yīng) 130
5.7.2 Polar Effects / 極性效應(yīng) 132
5.8 The Q杄 Scheme / Q杄概念 132
5.9 Alternating Copolymers / 交替共聚物 134
5.10 Block Copolymer Synthesis / 嵌段共聚物 136
5.10.1 Transformation Reactions / 轉(zhuǎn)化反應(yīng) 138
5.10.1.1 Cationic to CRP / 陽(yáng)離子向可控自由基聚
合 140
5.10.1.2 Anionic to CRP / 陰離子向可控自由基聚
合 141
5.10.1.3 ROMP to ATRP / 開(kāi)環(huán)易位聚合向原子轉(zhuǎn)
移自由基聚合 142
5.10.1.4 Step-Growth ATRP / 逐步增長(zhǎng)原子轉(zhuǎn)移自
由基聚合 142
5.10.2 Coupling Reactions / 偶合反應(yīng) 143
5.10.3 Use of CRP Methods / 可控自由基聚合方法的應(yīng)用 145
5.11 Graft Copolymer Synthesis / 接枝共聚物的合成 148
5.12 Statistical and Gradient Copolymers / 無(wú)規(guī)和粘度共聚物 150
5.13 Complex Molecular Architectures / 復(fù)雜分子結(jié)構(gòu) 151
5.14 Dendrimers / 樹(shù)枝狀分子 152
5.14.1 Divergent Growth / 發(fā)散性增長(zhǎng) 153
5.14.2 Convergent Growth / 收斂性增長(zhǎng) 154
5.14.3 Dendrimer Molecular Weight / 樹(shù)枝狀大分子的分子
量 155
5.14.4 Properties of Dendrimers / 樹(shù)枝狀分子的性質(zhì) 156
5.14.5 Applications of Dendrimers / 樹(shù)枝狀分子的應(yīng)用 157
Problems / 習(xí)題 158
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 159
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 159
Chapter 6Polymer Stereochemistry / 聚合物立體化學(xué) 160
6.1 Architecture / 結(jié)構(gòu) 161
6.2 Orientation / 取向 161
6.3 Configuration / 構(gòu)型  162
6.3.1 Monotactic Polymers / 單一立構(gòu)規(guī)正聚合物 163
6.3.2 Ditactic Polymers / 雙立構(gòu)規(guī)正聚合物 164
6.33 Polyethers / 聚醚 164
6.4 Geometric Isomerism / 幾何異物 166
6.5 Conformation of Stereoregular Polymers / 有規(guī)立構(gòu)聚合物
的構(gòu)象 167
6.6 Factors Influencing Stereoregulation / 影響有規(guī)立構(gòu)的因素 169
6.7 Homogeneous Stereospecific Cationic Polymerizations / 均相
立體選擇性陽(yáng)離子聚合 171
6.8 Homogeneous Stereoselective Anionic Polymerizations / 均相
立體選擇性陰離子聚合 172
6.9 Homogeneous Diene Polymerization / 均相二烯烴聚合 174
6.10 Summary / 小結(jié) 176
Problems / 習(xí)題 176
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 177
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 177
Chapter 7Polymerization Reactions Initiated by Metal Catalysts
and Transfer Reactions / 金屬催化劑引發(fā)的聚合反應(yīng)及
其轉(zhuǎn)移反應(yīng) 178
7.1 Polymerization Using Ziegler朜atta Catalysts / 利用Ziegler? Natta催化劑的聚合 179
7.2 Nature of the Catalyst / 催化劑的特點(diǎn) 180
7.3 Nature of Active Centers / 活性中心的特點(diǎn) 181
7.4 Bimetallic Mechanism / 雙金屬催化機(jī)理 181
7.5 Monometallic Mechanism / 單金屬催化機(jī)理 182
7.6 Stereoregulation / 有規(guī)立構(gòu)化 184
7.7 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) / 開(kāi)環(huán)易位
聚合（ROMP） 185
7.8 Monocyclic Monomers / 單環(huán)單體 185
7.9 Bicyclo- and Tricyclomonomers / 雙環(huán)和三環(huán)單體 187
7.10 Copolyalkenamers / 共聚烯烴 188
7.11 Living Systems / 活性體系 188
7.12 Group Transfer Polymerization (GTP) / 基因轉(zhuǎn)移聚合（GTP） 190
7.13 Aldol Group Transfer Polymerization / 醇醛基因轉(zhuǎn)移聚合 191
7.14 Metallocene Catalysts / 茂金屬催化劑 192
7.14.1 Metallocene/Aluminoxane Catalysts / 茂金屬絡(luò)合物/
鋁氧烷催化劑 193
7.14.2 Stereoregulation / 有規(guī)立構(gòu)化 193
7.14.3 Cationic Metallocenes / 陽(yáng)離子茂金屬 196
7.14.4 Mechanism of Stereoregulation / 有規(guī)立構(gòu)化機(jī)理 196
7.15 Concluding Remarks / 結(jié)論 197
Problems / 習(xí)題 198
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 198
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 198
Chapter 8Polymers in Solution / 聚合物溶液 200
8.1 Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions / 聚合物溶液熱力學(xué) 201
8.2 Ideal Mixtures of Small Molecules / 小分子的理想混合物 201
8.3 Nonideal Solutions / 非理想溶液 203
8.4 Flory朒uggins Theory: Entropy of Mixing / Flory朒uggins理
論混合熵 203
8.5 Enthalpy Change on Mixing / 混合焓變 207
8.6 Free Energy of Mixing / 混合自由能 208
8.7 Limitations of the Flory-Huggins Theory / Flory-Huggins理論
的局限性. 209
8.8 Phase Equilibria / 相平衡 210
8.9 Flory朘rigbaum Theory / Flory朘rigbaum理論 212
8.10 Location of the Theta Temperature / q溫度的測(cè)定 214
8.11 Lower Critical Solution Temperatures / 低臨界溶液溫度 218
8.12 Solubility and the Cohesive Energy Density / 溶解度和內(nèi)聚
能密度 220
8.13 Polymer朠olymer Mixtures / 聚合物-聚合物混合物 223
8.14 Kinetics of Phase Separation / 相分離動(dòng)力學(xué) 227
Problems / 習(xí)題 228
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 231
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 231
Chapter 9Polymer Characterization - Molar Masses / 聚合物表
征—摩爾質(zhì)量 233
9.1 Introduction / 簡(jiǎn)介 234
9.2 Molar Masses, Molecular Weights, and SI Units / 摩爾質(zhì)量、
分子量及國(guó)際單位制 234
9.3 Number-Average Molar Mass Mn / 數(shù)均摩爾質(zhì)量Mn 234
9.4 End-Group Assay / 端基分析 235
9.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions / 溶液的依數(shù)性 235
9.6 Osmotic Pressure / 滲透壓法 236
9.7 Light Scattering / 光散射法 239
9.7.1 Scattering from Large Particles / 大粒子的散射 241
9.8 Dynamic Light Scattering / 動(dòng)態(tài)光散射 244
9.9 Viscosity / 黏度法 245
9.9.1 Viscosity-Average Molecular Weight / 黏均分子量 247
9.10 Gel Permeation Chromatography / 凝膠滲透色譜法 248
9.11 MALDI / 基質(zhì)輔助激光解的電離質(zhì)譜法 252
Problems / 習(xí)題 253
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 256
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 257
Chapter 10Polymer Characterization - Chain Dimensions, Struc-
tures, and Morphology / 聚合物表征—鏈尺寸、結(jié)
構(gòu)及形態(tài)學(xué) 258
10.1 Average Chain Dimensions / 平均鏈尺寸 259
10.2 Freely Jointed Chain Model / 自由連接鏈模型 260
10.3 Short-Range Effects / 短程效應(yīng) 261
10.4 Chain Stiffness / 鏈的剛性 261
10.5 Treatment of Dilute Solution Data / 稀溶液數(shù)據(jù)的處理 262
10.5.1 The Second Virial Coefficient / 第二維利系數(shù) 262
10.5.2 Expansion Factor  / 溶脹因子 263
10.5.3 Flory朏ox Theory / Flory朏ox理論 264
10.5.4 Indirect Estimates of Unperturbed Chain Dimensions /
無(wú)擾鏈尺寸的間接估測(cè) 265
10.5.5 Influence of Tacticity on Chain Dimensions / 規(guī)整度對(duì)
鏈尺寸的影響 265
10.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) / 校磁共振（NMR） 266
10.7 Infrared Spectroscopy / 紅外光譜 268
10.8 Thermal Analysis / 熱分析 270
10.9 Wide-Angle and Small-Angle Scattering / 廣角及小角散射 271
10.9.1 Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering / 廣角X射線(xiàn)散射 272
10.9.2 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) / 小角X射線(xiàn)
散射（SAXS） 273
10.9.3 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) / 小角中子
散射（SANS） 274
10.10   Microscopy / 顯微技術(shù) 277
10.10.1 Optical Microscopy / 光學(xué)顯微鏡 278
10.10.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy / 掃描電子顯微鏡 279
10.10.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy / 透射電子顯微鏡 280
10.10.4 Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Micro-
scopy/ 原子力和掃描隧道顯微鏡 280
Problems / 習(xí)題 282
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 283
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 283
Chapter 11The Crystalline State and Partially Ordered Structures
/ 結(jié)晶態(tài)和部分有序結(jié)構(gòu) 284
11.1 Introduction / 介紹 285
11.2 Mechanism of Crystallization / 結(jié)晶機(jī)理 285
11.3 Temperature and Growth Rate / 溫度和增長(zhǎng)速率 287
11.4 Melting / 熔融 288
11.4.1 Effect of Crystallite Size on Melting / 微晶大小對(duì)熔融
的影響 288
11.5 Thermodynamic Parameters / 熱力學(xué)參數(shù) 288
11.6 Crystalline Arrangement of Polymers / 聚合物的晶體排列 291
11.6.1 Factors Affecting Crystallinity and Tm / 影響結(jié)晶度和
Tm的因素 291
11.6.1.1 Symmetry / 對(duì)稱(chēng)性 291
11.6.1.2 Intermolecular Bonding / 分子間鍵合 292
11.6.1.3 Tacticity / 立構(gòu)規(guī)整性 293
11.6.1.4 Branching and Molar Mass / 接枝與摩爾
質(zhì)量 293
11.7 Morphology and Kinetics / 形態(tài)與動(dòng)力學(xué) 293
11.8 Morphology  / 形態(tài) 293
11.8.1 Crystallites / 微晶 294
11.8.2 Single Crystals / 單晶 294
11.8.3 Hedrites / 多角晶 295
11.8.4 Crystallization from the Melt / 熔融結(jié)晶 295
11.8.5 Spherulites / 球晶 297
11.9 Kinetics of Crystallization / 結(jié)晶動(dòng)力學(xué) 298
11.9.1 Isothermal Crystallization / 等溫結(jié)晶 299
11.9.2 The Avrami Equation / Avrami方程 299
11.9.3 Deviations from Avrami Equation / 偏離Avrami方程 300
11.10 Block Copolymers / 嵌段共聚物 300
11.11 Historical Development of Polymer Liquid Crystals / 聚合物
液晶的發(fā)展歷史 302
11.12 Liquid Crystalline Phases / 液晶相 303
11.13 Identification of the Mesophases / 中間相的識(shí)別 306
11.14 Lyotropic Main-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers / 溶致性主鏈
液晶聚合物 308
11.15 Thermotropic Main-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers / 熱致性
主鏈液晶聚合物 310
11.16 Side-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers / 支鏈液晶聚合物 315
11.17 Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Polymers / 手性向列型液晶
聚合物 317
Problems / 習(xí)題 320
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 324
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 324
Chapter 12The Glassy State and Glass Transition / 玻璃態(tài)和玻
璃化轉(zhuǎn)變 326
12.1 The Amorphous State / 無(wú)定形態(tài) 327
12.2 The Glassy State / 玻璃態(tài) 327
12.3 Relaxation Processes in the Glassy State / 玻璃態(tài)松弛過(guò)程 327
12.4 Glass Transition Region / 玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變區(qū)域 329
12.4.1 The Glass Transition Temperature, Tg / 玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變
溫度，Tg 329
12.4.2 Experimental Demonstration of Tg / Tg的實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定 330
12.4.2.1 Measurement of Tg from V-T Curves / V-T
曲線(xiàn)法則 331
12.4.2.2 Thermal Methods / 量熱法 332
12.4.3 Factors Affecting Tg / 影響玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度的因素 333
12.4.3.1 Chain Flexibility / 鏈柔性 334
12.4.3.2 Steric Effects / 立體位阻效應(yīng) 334
12.4.3.3 Configurational Effects / 構(gòu)型的影響 336
12.4.3.4 Effect of Cross-Links on Tg / 交聯(lián)對(duì)Tg的
影響 338
12.5 Theoretical Treatments / 理論處理 336
12.5.1 The Free-Volume Theory / 自由體積理論 337
12.5.2 Gibbs-Di Marzio Thermodynamic Theory / Gibbs-Di
Marzio熱力學(xué)理論 341
12.5.3 Adam-Gibbs Theory / Adam-Gibbs理論 342
12.6 Dependence of Tg on Molar Mass / 分子量對(duì)Tg的影響 343
12.7 Structural Relaxation and Physical Aging / 結(jié)構(gòu)松弛和物
理老化 344
Problems / 習(xí)題 345
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 348
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 349
Chapter 13Rheology and Mechanical Properties / 流變和力學(xué)
性能 350
13.1 Introduction to Rheology / 流變學(xué)簡(jiǎn)介 351
13.2 The Five Regions of Viscoelastic Behavior / 黏彈行為的五個(gè)
區(qū)間 352
13.3 The Viscous Region / 黏性區(qū) 353
13.3.1 Shear Dependence of Viscosity / 黏度對(duì)剪切的依賴(lài)
性 355
13.3.2 Kinetic Units in Polymer Chains / 聚合物鏈的動(dòng)力
學(xué)單元 357
13.3.3 Effect of Chain Length / 鏈長(zhǎng)的影響 358
13.3.4 Temperature Dependence of  / 黏度對(duì)溫度的依賴(lài)
性 359
13.3.5 Concentration Dependence of Viscosity / 黏度對(duì)濃度
的依賴(lài)性 359
13.3.6 Time-Dependent Behavior / 流體行為的時(shí)間依賴(lài)性 360
13.4 Mechanical Properties / 力學(xué)性能 361
13.4.1 Interrelation of Moduli / 模量之間的相互關(guān)系 363
13.5 Mechanical Models Describing Viscoelasticity / 描述黏彈性
的力學(xué)模型 363
13.6 Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Amorphous Polymers / 無(wú)定型
聚合物的線(xiàn)性黏彈性行為 366
13.6.1 Creep / 蠕變 369
13.6.2 Stress朣train Measurements / 應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變測(cè)試 369
13.6.3 Effect of Temperature on Stress-Strain Response / 溫
度對(duì)應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變響應(yīng)的影響 369
13.6.4 Boltzmann Superposition Principle / 玻耳茲曼疊加原
理 371
13.6.5 Stress Relaxation / 應(yīng)力松弛 372
13.7 Dynamic Mechanical and Dielectric Thermal Analysis / 動(dòng)態(tài)
力學(xué)和介電熱分析 372
13.7.1 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) / 動(dòng)
態(tài)力學(xué)熱分析（DMTA） 372
13.7.2 Dielectric Thermal Analysis (DETA) / 介電熱分析
（DETA） 375
13.7.3 Comparison Between DMTA and DETA / DMTA和DETA
的比較 377
13.8 Time-Temperature Superposition Principle / 時(shí)溫疊加原理 379
13.9 Dynamic Viscosity / 動(dòng)力黏度 383
13.10 A Molecular Theory for Viscoelasticity / 黏彈性的分子
理論 384
13.11 The Reptation Model / 蠕動(dòng)模型 386
Problems / 習(xí)題 388
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 393
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 394
Chapter 14  The Elastomeric State / 高彈態(tài) 395
14.1 General Introduction / 一般介紹 396
14.1.1 Natural Rubber / 天然橡膠 397
14.2 Experimental Vulcanization / 硫化實(shí)驗(yàn) 398
14.3 Properties of Elastomers / 彈性體的性質(zhì) 398
14.4 Thermodynamic Aspects of Rubberlike Elasticity / 類(lèi)橡膠彈性
的熱力學(xué)方面 399
14.5 Nonideal Elastomers / 非理想彈性體 401
14.6 Distribution Function for Polymer Conformation / 聚合物構(gòu)象
的分布函數(shù) 402
14.7 Statistical Approach / 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 405
14.7.1 Experimental Stress朣train Results / 應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變實(shí)驗(yàn)
結(jié)果
14.7.1.1 Simple Extension / 簡(jiǎn)單拉伸 405
14.7.1.2 Simple Compression / 簡(jiǎn)單壓縮 407
14.7.1.3 Pure Shear / 純剪切 407
14.7.1.4 Large Elastic Deformation / 大彈性變形 407
14.8 Swelling of Elastomeric Networks / 彈性體網(wǎng)絡(luò)的溶脹 407
14.9 Network Defects / 網(wǎng)絡(luò)缺陷 408
14.10 Resilience of Elastomers / 彈性體的回彈性 410
Problems / 習(xí)題 412
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 415
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 415
Chapter 15Structure朠roperty Relations / 結(jié)構(gòu)與性能的關(guān)系 416
15.1 General Considerations / 概論 417
15.2 Control of Tm and Tg / Tm和Tg的控制 417
15.2.1 Chain Stiffness / 鏈的剛性 418
15.2.2 Intermolecuar Bonding / 分子間鍵合 419
15.3 Relation Between Tm and Tg / Tm和Tg的聯(lián)系 421
15.4 Random Copolymers / 無(wú)規(guī)共聚物 421
15.5 Dependence of Tm and Tg on Copolymer Composition / 共聚物
組成對(duì)Tm和Tg的影響 422
15.6 Block Copolymers / 嵌段共聚物 425
15.7 Plasticizers / 增塑劑 427
15.8 Crystallinity and Mechanical Response / 結(jié)晶度和力學(xué)響應(yīng) 428
15.9 Application to Fibers, Elastomers, and Plastics / 在纖維、塑料
和彈性體上的應(yīng)用 430
15.10  Fibers / 纖維 430
15.10.1 Chemical Requirements / 化學(xué)要求 431
15.10.1.1 Linear Polyesters / 線(xiàn)型聚酯 433
15.10.2 Mechanical Requirements for Fibers / 纖維的力學(xué)
性能 434
15.10.2.1 Spinning Techniques / 紡絲技術(shù) 434
15.10.2.1.1 Melt Spinning / 熔融紡絲 434
15.10.2.1.2 Wet and Dry Spinning /
濕法和干法紡絲 434
15.10.2.2 Drawing, Orientation, and Crystallinity /
拉伸、取向和結(jié)晶度 435
15.10.2.3 Modulus and Chain Stiffness / 模量和
鏈的剛性 436
15.10.2.4 Other Factors / 其他因素 436
15.11 Aromatic Polyamides / 芳香族聚酰胺 437
15.12 Polyethylene / 聚乙烯 439
15.13 Elastomers and Cross-Linked Networks / 彈性體和交聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò) 442
15.13.1 Cross-Linking / 交聯(lián) 443
15.13.2 Creep in Cross-Linked Polymers / 交聯(lián)聚合物中
的蠕變 443
15.13.3 Additives / 添加劑 443
15.14 Plastics / 塑料 443
15.14.1 Plastic Selection for Bottle Crate Manufacture / 制
造瓶用周轉(zhuǎn)箱的塑料 445
15.14.2 Medical Applications / 醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用 446
15.15 High-Temperature Speciality Polymers / 高溫特種聚合物 447
15.16 Carbon Fibers / 碳纖維 454
15.17 Concluding Remarks / 結(jié)論 454
Problems / 習(xí)題 456
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 461
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 462
Chapter 16Polymers for the Electronics Industry / 聚合物在電子
工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用 463
16.1 Introduction / 介紹 464
16.2 Polymer Resists for IC Fabrication / 聚合物抗蝕劑在工業(yè)中
的應(yīng)用 464
16.3 The Lithographic Process / 光刻工藝 465
16.4 Polymer Resists / 聚合物抗蝕劑 466
16.4.1 Sensitivity / 敏感性 467
16.4.2 Resolution / 清晰度 468
16.5 Photolithography / 光刻法 468
16.5.1 Positive Photoresists / 正性光致抗蝕劑 468
16.5.2 Negative Photoresists / 負(fù)性光致抗蝕劑 469
16.6 Electron Beam Sensitive Resists / 電子束敏感抗蝕劑 472
16.6.1 Positive Resists / 正性抗蝕劑 472
16.6.2 Negative Resists / 負(fù)性抗蝕劑 473
16.7 X-ray and Ion Sensitive Resists / X射線(xiàn)和離子敏感抗蝕劑 473
16.8 Electroactive Polymers / 電活性聚合物 474
16.9 Conduction Mechanisms / 導(dǎo)電機(jī)理 475
16.10 Preparation of Conductive Polymers / 導(dǎo)電聚合物的制備 476
16.11 Polyacetylene / 聚乙炔 478
16.12 Poly(p-phenylene) / 聚苯撐 481
16.13 Polyheterocyclic Systems / 雜環(huán)聚合物 483
16.13.1 Polypyrrole / 聚吡咯 484
16.13.2 Sulfur Compounds / 硫化物 484
16.14 Polyaniline / 聚苯胺 485
16.15 Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) / 聚苯硫醚 485
16.16 Poly(1,6-heptadiyne) / 聚（1,6-庚二炔） 485
16.17 Applications / 應(yīng)用 485
16.18 Photonic Applications / 光子應(yīng)用 486
16.19 Light-Emitting Polymers / 發(fā)光聚合物 486
16.19.1 Applications / 應(yīng)用 487
16.20 Nonlinear Optics / 非線(xiàn)性光學(xué) 487
16.21 Langmuir朆lodgett Films / LB膜 490
16.22 Optical Information Storage / 光信息存儲(chǔ) 492
16.23 Thermorecording on Liquid Crystalline Polymers / 用液晶聚
合物進(jìn)行熱記錄 496
References / 參考文獻(xiàn) 495
Bibliography / 參考書(shū)目 495
Preface / 前言