機(jī)床數(shù)控技術(shù)及應(yīng)用

1.1  數(shù)控技術(shù)的基本概念                             1  
1.2  數(shù)控機(jī)床的組成                             2
1.2.1  機(jī)床本體                             2
1.2.2  數(shù)控系統(tǒng)                             3
1.2.3  外圍系統(tǒng)                             4  
1.3  數(shù)控機(jī)床的特點(diǎn)及分類                             4
1.3.1  數(shù)控機(jī)床的特點(diǎn)                             4
1.3.2  數(shù)控機(jī)床的分類                             5  
1.4  數(shù)控機(jī)床的應(yīng)用范圍                             10  
1.5  數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)                             11  
習(xí)題與思考題                             12
第2章  數(shù)控機(jī)床加工程序的編制                             13  
2.1  數(shù)控編程基礎(chǔ)                             13
2.1.1  數(shù)控編程的概念                             13
2.1.2  數(shù)控編程的內(nèi)容和步驟                             14
2.1.3  數(shù)控編程的方法                             15
2.1.4  數(shù)控機(jī)床坐標(biāo)軸和運(yùn)動(dòng)方向                             15  
2.2  數(shù)控編程的常用指令與格式                             19
2.2.1  程序編制的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與代碼                             19
2.2.2  數(shù)控程序的結(jié)構(gòu)與格式                             20  
2.3  數(shù)控加工手工編程                             24
2.3.1  數(shù)控加工手工編程的工藝處理                             24
2.3.2  常用數(shù)控加工基本指令介紹                             31
2.3.3  程序編制實(shí)例                             38  
2.4  數(shù)控加工自動(dòng)編程概述                             45
2.4.1  自動(dòng)編程方法                             45
2.4.2  自動(dòng)編程系統(tǒng)的信息處理過(guò)程                             46
2.4.3  典型CAD/CAM軟件介紹                             49  
習(xí)題與思考題                             51
第3章  計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（CNC系統(tǒng)）                             53  
3.1  概述                             53
3.1.1  CNC系統(tǒng)的組成                             53
3.1.2  CNC系統(tǒng)的功能和一般工作過(guò)程                             53  
3.2  CNC系統(tǒng)的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)                             58
3.2.1  單CPU結(jié)構(gòu)CNC系統(tǒng)                             58
3.2.2  多CPU結(jié)構(gòu)CNC系統(tǒng)                             60  
3.3  CNC系統(tǒng)的軟件結(jié)構(gòu)                             61
3.3.1  CNC系統(tǒng)控制軟件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)                             62
3.3.2  CNC系統(tǒng)的軟件結(jié)構(gòu)模式                             65  
3.4  CNC系統(tǒng)的輸入/輸出與通信                             71
3.4.1  CNC裝置的輸入/輸出和通信要求                             71
3.4.2  CNC系統(tǒng)常用外部設(shè)備及接口                             72  
3.5  開放式CNC系統(tǒng)                             80
3.5.1  CNC系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展                             80
3.5.2  開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)                             81
3.5.3  開放式CNC系統(tǒng)的主要特點(diǎn)                             82  
3.6  CNC裝置的插補(bǔ)原理                             83
3.6.1  概述                             83
3.6.2  典型插補(bǔ)方法的工作原理及運(yùn)算                             85  
3.7  CNC系統(tǒng)的刀具補(bǔ)償原理                             96
3.7.1  刀具半徑補(bǔ)償                             97
3.7.2  刀具長(zhǎng)度補(bǔ)償                             99  
習(xí)題與思考題                             99
第4章  數(shù)控機(jī)床的伺服系統(tǒng)                             101  
4.1  概述                             101  
4.2  步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)及驅(qū)動(dòng)電路                             104
4.2.1  步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的分類和工作原理                             105
4.2.2  步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的主要特性及參數(shù)                             108
4.2.3  步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)控制                             110
4.2.4  步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)伺服系統(tǒng)的功率驅(qū)動(dòng)                             111  
4.3  直流伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)                             113
4.3.1  直流伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)                             113
4.3.2  直流伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)的調(diào)速方式                             114  
4.4  交流伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)                             116
4.4.1  交流伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)                             116
4.4.2  交流伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)的工作原理                             116  
4.5  直線伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)傳動(dòng)                             118
4.5.1  直線伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)展                             118
4.5.2  直線伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)的工作原理                             119
4.5.3  直線伺服電動(dòng)機(jī)的應(yīng)用及特性                             120  
習(xí)題與思考題                             123
第5章  數(shù)控機(jī)床的位置檢測(cè)裝置                             124  
5.1  位置檢測(cè)裝置的作用與要求                             124  
5.2  位置檢測(cè)裝置的測(cè)量方式                             124  
5.3  脈沖編碼器                             125
5.3.1  增量式光電編碼器                             125
5.3.2  絕對(duì)式脈沖編碼器                             127
5.3.3  脈沖編碼器在數(shù)控機(jī)床中的應(yīng)用                             128  
5.4  光柵                             129
5.4.1  光柵的工作原理                             129
5.4.2  光柵的分類                             131
5.4.3  光柵的主要特點(diǎn)                             132  
5.5  磁柵                             134  
5.6  旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器                             135
5.6.1  旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器的結(jié)構(gòu)                             135
5.6.2  旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器的工作原理                             136
5.6.3  旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器的應(yīng)用                             137  
5.7  感應(yīng)同步器                             138
5.7.1  感應(yīng)同步器的結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn)                             138
5.7.2  感應(yīng)同步器的工作原理                             139  
習(xí)題與思考題                             140
第6章  數(shù)控機(jī)床的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)                             142  
6.1  概述                             142  
6.2  數(shù)控機(jī)床的主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)                             143
6.2.1  對(duì)主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的要求                             143
6.2.2  主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的變速方式                             143
6.2.3  齒輪傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的總傳動(dòng)比及其分配                             148
6.2.4  主軸部件                             150  
6.3  進(jìn)給傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)                             154
6.3.1  對(duì)進(jìn)給傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的要求                             154
6.3.2  聯(lián)軸器                             155
6.3.3  消除間隙的齒輪傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)                             156
6.3.4  滾珠絲杠螺母副                             158  
6.4  數(shù)控機(jī)床的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)                             170
6.4.1  自動(dòng)換刀裝置的形式                             170
6.4.2  帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)                             174  
6.5  刀具交換裝置                             180  
6.6  數(shù)控機(jī)床的其它裝置                             183
6.6.1  數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)                             183
6.6.2  分度工作臺(tái)                             184
6.6.3  排屑裝置                             187
6.6.4  機(jī)床導(dǎo)軌                             189
6.6.5  支承件                             199  
習(xí)題與思考題                             206
第7章  數(shù)控機(jī)床的選用與維護(hù)                             207  
7.1  數(shù)控機(jī)床的選型                             207
7.1.1  被加工工件的確定                             207
7.1.2  機(jī)床規(guī)格的選擇                             207
7.1.3  機(jī)床精度的選擇                             207
7.1.4  自動(dòng)換刀裝置和刀庫(kù)容量的選擇                             208
7.1.5  數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的選擇                             209
7.1.6  加工節(jié)拍與機(jī)床臺(tái)數(shù)估算                             209  
7.2  數(shù)控機(jī)床的安裝與調(diào)試                             209
7.2.1  加工中心的安裝                             210
7.2.2  加工中心的調(diào)試                             215
7.2.3  機(jī)床的試運(yùn)行                             218
7.2.4  機(jī)床性能檢測(cè)                             219
7.2.5  數(shù)控功能檢測(cè)                             220  
7.3  數(shù)控機(jī)床的驗(yàn)收                             221
7.3.1  機(jī)床幾何精度檢測(cè)                             221
7.3.2  機(jī)床定位精度檢測(cè)                             221  
7.4  數(shù)控機(jī)床的維護(hù)                             225
7.4.1  數(shù)控機(jī)床使用中應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題                             225
7.4.2  數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)                             226
7.4.3  機(jī)械部件的維護(hù)                             227
7.4.4  數(shù)控機(jī)床的日常維護(hù)保養(yǎng)                             228  
7.5  數(shù)控機(jī)床的故障診斷與維修                             235
7.5.1  數(shù)控機(jī)床維修的基本概念與管理                             235
7.5.2  故障診斷的基本概念及分類                             235
7.5.3  數(shù)控機(jī)床的故障診斷與維修                             236  
習(xí)題與思考題                             238
附錄                             239  
附錄1  數(shù)控系統(tǒng)常用術(shù)語(yǔ)中英文對(duì)照                             239  
附錄2  數(shù)控機(jī)床常用術(shù)語(yǔ)中英文對(duì)照                             242
參考文獻(xiàn)                             248