朗氏簡(jiǎn)明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)意大利語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法

前言 ....................................................................................... 3
名詞 .............................................................................. 11
1.1 名詞的性和詞尾 .................................................................. 11
1.2 復(fù)數(shù) .............................................................................. 14
1.3 冠詞 .............................................................................. 18
代詞 ....................................................................................... 23
2.1 人稱代詞 ............................................................................. 23
2.2 自反代詞 ............................................................................. 30
2.3 物主代詞 ............................................................................. 31
2.4 指示代詞 ............................................................................. 35
2.5 不定代詞 ............................................................................. 37
2.6 疑問(wèn)代詞 ... ......................................................................... 39
2.7 關(guān)系代詞 ............................................................................. 40
形容詞 ......................................................................................... 42
3.1 形容詞的形式 ..................................................................... 42
3.2 形容詞的位置 .................................................................... 43
3.3 特殊形式 .............................................................................. 44
3.4 形容詞的比較級(jí) .................................................................. 45
副詞 ............................................................................................. 47
4.1 方式副詞 ............................................................................. 47
4.2 副詞的位置 ......................................................................... 48
4.3 副詞的比較級(jí) ..................................................................... 49
現(xiàn)在時(shí) .......................................................................................... 51
5.1 現(xiàn)在時(shí) ................................................................................. 51
5.2 助動(dòng)詞essere和avere ........................................................... 54
5.3 不規(guī)則變化動(dòng)詞 .................................................................. 56
5.4 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 dovere, potere, volere, sapere ............................. 57
5.5 自反動(dòng)詞 ............................................................................. 59
5.6 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) .......................................................................... 60
5.7 副動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成 ...................................................................... 61
過(guò)去時(shí) .......................................................................................... 63
6.1 直陳式近過(guò)去時(shí) ................................................................. 63
6.2 直陳式未完成過(guò)去時(shí) .......................................................... 68
6.3 直陳式愈過(guò)去時(shí) .................................................................. 72
6.4 直陳式遠(yuǎn)過(guò)去時(shí) .................................................................. 74
將來(lái)時(shí) ... ...................................................................................... 77
7.1 簡(jiǎn)單將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成............................................................... 77
7.2 簡(jiǎn)單將來(lái)時(shí)的用法 .............................................................. 79
7.3 先將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成................................................................... 80
7.4 先將來(lái)時(shí)的用法 .................................................................. 81
條件式 .......................................................................................... 83
8.1 條件式現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成 .......................................................... 83
8.2 條件式現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 .......................................................... 85
8.3 條件式過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成 .......................................................... 87
8.4 條件式過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 .......................................................... 87
命令式 .......................................................................................... 89
9.1 肯定形式 ................................................................. 89
9.2 否定形式 ....................................................................... 91
9.3 命令式中代詞的位置 ........................................................... 92
虛擬語(yǔ)氣 ...................................................................................... 95
10.1 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的現(xiàn)在時(shí) ............................................................... 95
10.2 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的未完成過(guò)去時(shí) ................................................... 98
10.3 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的過(guò)去時(shí) ............................................................... 98
10.4 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的愈過(guò)去時(shí) ........................................................... 99
10.5 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法 ................................................................... 99
10.6 虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的時(shí)間順序 ....................................................... 101
條件從句....................................................................................... 104
11.1 事實(shí)條件主從句 ...................................................................105
11.2 可能條件主從句 ................................................... 106
11.3 不現(xiàn)實(shí)條件主從句 ............................................................... 108
間接引語(yǔ) ...................................................................................... 110
被動(dòng)態(tài) .......................................................................................... 116
13.1 一般時(shí)態(tài)中被動(dòng)態(tài)的構(gòu)成 ................................................... 117
13.2 復(fù)合時(shí)態(tài)中被動(dòng)句的構(gòu)成 ................................................... 118
13.3 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法................................................................... 119
無(wú)人稱形式 ................................................................... 121
14.1 Si無(wú)人稱句 ................................................................ 121
14.2 其他無(wú)人稱形式 ....................................................... 122
介詞 ..................................................................................... 124
15.1 表示地點(diǎn)和方向 ........................................................... 125
15.2 表示地點(diǎn)的其他介詞 ........................................................... 127
15.3 表示時(shí)間的介詞 .................................................................. 128
15.4 其他介詞 ............................................................................. 131
15.5 介詞+定冠詞 ........................................................................ 131
15.6 動(dòng)詞+介詞 .................................................................... 133
15.7 帶介詞的表達(dá)和短語(yǔ) ......................................................... 134
數(shù)字和數(shù)詞 .................................................................................. 136
16.1 基數(shù)詞 ....................................................................... 136
16.2 序數(shù)詞 .......................................................................... 139
16.3 數(shù)量，尺寸和重量 ................................................................ 140
詞序 .............................................................................................. 142
17.1 陳述句中的詞序 ................................................................... 142
17.2 疑問(wèn)句中的詞序 ................................................................... 143
否定式 .......................................................................................... 145
18.1 簡(jiǎn)單否定.................................................................... 145
18.2 雙重否定 .................................................................... 147
連詞 ................................................................................ 149
手勢(shì)和感嘆詞 ............................................................................. 152
附錄
重要的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表 ........................................................ 154
練習(xí)答案 ........................................................................................... 160