海嘯百問

1 海嘯常識(shí)
什么是海嘯·············································································2
海嘯是怎么產(chǎn)生的····································································3
海嘯是怎么分類的····································································4
海嘯經(jīng)常發(fā)生嗎·······································································5
海嘯如何傳播··········································································5
海嘯有多大·············································································7
海嘯會(huì)造成什么樣的災(zāi)害 ··························································8
歷史上有哪些大海嘯事件 ··························································9
所有大型海底地震都會(huì)產(chǎn)生海嘯嗎 ············································13
海嘯的持續(xù)時(shí)間有多長(zhǎng) ···························································13
海嘯到達(dá)時(shí)間能夠準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)嗎 ··················································14
海嘯與一般海浪有何不同 ························································15
海嘯能夠預(yù)報(bào)嗎·····································································16
所有大洋都有海嘯發(fā)生嗎 ························································17
全球海嘯是如何分布的 ···························································18
2 地震海嘯源
地球內(nèi)部是如何分層的 ···························································20
板塊是如何運(yùn)動(dòng)的··································································21
目 錄
目 錄 1
地震成因是什么·····································································22
全球地震帶有哪些··································································23
地震基本參數(shù)有哪些·······························································24
斷層有哪些分類·····································································25
什么類型的地震能夠引發(fā)海嘯 ··················································26
地震震級(jí)標(biāo)度有哪些·······························································27
地震矩是如何定義的·······························································29
震源機(jī)制解···········································································30
地震波動(dòng)有哪些·····································································31
地震體波··············································································32
地震面波··············································································33
地震的主要監(jiān)測(cè)手段有哪些 ·····················································34
地震臺(tái)站的作用是什么 ···························································34
3 海嘯監(jiān)測(cè)
（一）海嘯監(jiān)測(cè)參數(shù) ······························································36
海嘯怎么監(jiān)測(cè)········································································36
平均海平面如何定義·······························································37
什么是海嘯波周期··································································38
什么是海嘯波速·····································································39
什么是海嘯波長(zhǎng)·····································································39
什么是海嘯波幅·····································································40
什么是海嘯波峰、波谷 ···························································41
什么是海嘯傳播時(shí)間·······························································41
2 海嘯百問
（二）海嘯現(xiàn)象及監(jiān)測(cè)手段 ····················································42
浮標(biāo)如何監(jiān)測(cè)海嘯··································································42
海底觀測(cè)網(wǎng)···········································································43
什么是沿海水位站··································································44
什么是全球海平面觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)（GLOSS） ·······································45
地磁異常如何監(jiān)測(cè)海嘯 ···························································46
什么是海嘯爬高·····································································46
什么是海嘯共振·····································································47
什么是海嘯頻散·····································································47
什么是海嘯涌波·····································································48
（三）我國(guó)海嘯監(jiān)測(cè)能力 ·······················································49
我國(guó)海底地震是如何監(jiān)測(cè)的 ·····················································49
我國(guó)是如何監(jiān)測(cè)海嘯的 ···························································51
數(shù)據(jù)共享在海嘯預(yù)警中的作用 ··················································52
4 海嘯預(yù)警
（一）海嘯預(yù)警系統(tǒng) ······························································54
什么是海嘯預(yù)警系統(tǒng)·······························································54
海嘯預(yù)警產(chǎn)品的分類·······························································54
什么是海嘯警報(bào)·····································································55
海嘯警報(bào)樣例········································································56
什么是海嘯信息·····································································57
海嘯預(yù)警流程是什么·······························································57
目 錄 3
海嘯預(yù)警信息的發(fā)布速度有多快 ···············································59
海嘯發(fā)布手段有哪些·······························································60
（二）全球海嘯預(yù)警 ······························································61
全球及區(qū)域海嘯預(yù)警系統(tǒng) ························································61
太平洋海嘯預(yù)警系統(tǒng)·······························································61
國(guó)家級(jí)海嘯預(yù)警中心·······························································62
海嘯預(yù)警中，政府間協(xié)調(diào)組（ICG）的作用是什么 ························62
ITIC組織在海嘯預(yù)警中的作用 ··················································63
UNESCO/IOC在全球海嘯預(yù)警中的作用是什么 ·····························63
（三）我國(guó)海嘯預(yù)警 ······························································64
我國(guó)海嘯預(yù)警中心的發(fā)展歷史 ··················································64
海嘯預(yù)警決策系統(tǒng)··································································65
南中國(guó)海區(qū)域海嘯預(yù)警中心建設(shè) ···············································66
海嘯信息獲取途徑有哪些 ························································67
5 海嘯研究
（一）海嘯數(shù)值計(jì)算 ······························································70
海嘯預(yù)警研究技術(shù)有哪些 ························································70
海嘯波計(jì)算的理論基礎(chǔ)是什么 ··················································70
海嘯數(shù)值計(jì)算是如何進(jìn)行的 ·····················································71
數(shù)值計(jì)算中海嘯是如何生成的 ··················································72
海嘯數(shù)值計(jì)算的三種常用方程是什么 ·········································73
網(wǎng)格嵌套是什么意思·······························································75
4 海嘯百問
海嘯數(shù)值計(jì)算的時(shí)效性如何保證 ···············································75
傳播時(shí)間（TTT）····································································76
（二）其他海嘯預(yù)警技術(shù) ·······················································77
海嘯預(yù)警情景數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù) ························································77
海嘯單位源數(shù)據(jù)庫··································································78
海嘯浮標(biāo)反演方法··································································79
6 海嘯減災(zāi)
（一）海嘯減災(zāi)宣傳 ······························································82
世界海嘯日···········································································82
海嘯災(zāi)害公報(bào)········································································83
海嘯演習(xí)的作用是什么 ···························································84
海嘯到來前，自然的警告有哪些 ···············································85
如果收到海嘯警報(bào)，該怎么辦 ··················································86
如果需要撤離，該隨身帶上什么東西 ·········································87
如果發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)距離海嘯，該怎么辦 ···············································88
如果發(fā)生局地海嘯，該怎么辦 ··················································88
海嘯發(fā)生期間，如果正在船上，該怎么辦 ···································89
（二）海嘯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及疏散 ····················································90
什么是海嘯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估·······························································90
什么是海嘯危險(xiǎn)評(píng)估·······························································91
我國(guó)沿海的海嘯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)是怎么分布的 ······································92
什么是海嘯脆弱性··································································93
目 錄 5
海嘯危險(xiǎn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系 ·····················································94
概率性海嘯危險(xiǎn)評(píng)估·······························································94
海嘯淹沒是如何計(jì)算的 ···························································95
什么是海嘯疏散預(yù)案·······························································96
避災(zāi)點(diǎn)是如何定義的·······························································97
海嘯致災(zāi)作用力有哪些 ···························································97
疏散圖是如何制作的·······························································98
避災(zāi)點(diǎn)選取原則有哪些 ···························································99
水平疏散是什么····································································100
立體疏散是什么····································································100
海嘯災(zāi)后調(diào)查是如何開展的 ····················································101
參考資料 ·········································································102
6 海